Did women play an integral role in the performance of the Vedic sacrifice?

Women did not play an integral role in the performance of the Vedic sacrifice, which reflects the patriarchal structure of ancient Indian society as indicated in Vedic texts. The Vedic sacrifice, or yajna, was primarily a male-dominated religious practice where men, especially priests (Brahmins), were responsible for the performance of rituals and sacrifices to ensure cosmic order and divine favor.

While women had important roles in family spiritual practices and some rituals, the central sacrificial rites were generally reserved for men. This is rooted in the social norms of the time that defined gender roles within the religious framework. The contributions of women to religious life were often more centered around domestic rituals rather than the formal sacrificial ceremonies that were conducted in public or temple contexts.

The other options indicate varying degrees of involvement of women in these rituals, but historical and textual evidence supports the conclusion that women's participation was not pivotal to the main sacrificial practices outlined in the Vedic tradition.